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class action

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class action 【法律】集體訴訟。

【法律】集體訴訟。 “class“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.階級;社會等級。 2.學級；班級，年級，級，班 ...“action“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.動作，活動；行為，行動。 ★ act 指一次所 ...“class action law“ 中文翻譯：   等級行動“class action lawsuit“ 中文翻譯：   集體訴訟“class action shareholder lawsuit“ 中文翻譯：   股東集體訴訟“class or representative action“ 中文翻譯：   集體或代表訴訟“a class“ 中文翻譯：   甲級; 種類：在某一分類系統中特別定義的部分“a-class“ 中文翻譯：   也未必是“at class“ 中文翻譯：   在班上/家里/圖書館/公“be in the class“ 中文翻譯：   在教室“class“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.階級;社會等級。 2.學級；班級，年級，級，班；組；(有組織的)講習班；〔美國〕同年畢業班；【軍事】同年入伍士兵。 3.(高低、優劣的)等級；類別。 4.〔英大學〕(榮譽考試)優等；〔俚語〕高級，優秀；漂亮，優雅。 5.【生物學】(分類學的)綱；【礦物】晶族。 6.(一節)課。 the working class工人階級。 No class today. 今天沒課。 C- is over. 下課。 boycott classes 罷課。 the first [second] class頭[二]等。 high [low] class高[低]級。 There's a good deal of class about him. 他有很多優點。 He is not class enough. 他沒有什么了不起。 at the top of one's class 出類拔萃；居首要位置。 be no class 〔俚語〕不足道；無價值。 class of the field 〔美國〕比賽的優勝候補人。 get a class＝obtain a class. in a class by itself 特好，出眾。 in class在上課中。 in the same class 〔美國〕同一類型的，同等的。 no class 〔俚語〕等外的，極壞的，蹩腳的〔用作表語〕。 not in the same class with 不能同…相比，無法和…相提并論，比不上…。 obtain a class＝take a class 畢業考試得優等。 take a class at (Oxford) 在(牛津大學)進榮譽班。 take a class of (beginners) 擔任(初級)班(的教師)。 take classes in (history) 聽(歷史)課，選修(歷史)課程。 the classes 上層社會；知識階級。 the classes and masses 各階級和各階層。 vt. 把…分類，把…分等[分級]；給…定等級，把…分組。 vi. 屬于…類[等、級、組]。 adj. -able 可分類[等級]的。 adj. -less 無階級的。 “class a“ 中文翻譯：   甲類“class no“ 中文翻譯：   危險品等級“in class“ 中文翻譯：   不上課, 在課堂上; 課上；上課時; 上課中; 在課上; 在課堂上，在上課; 在課堂中; 在上課“in the class“ 中文翻譯：   上課中; 在班上“s class“ 中文翻譯：   以提供“the class“ 中文翻譯：   三年二班“with class“ 中文翻譯：   口語用，兩層含義。第一，指把事情做的卓越，優秀，漂亮，讓人欽佩沒話說。第二，人有品位有修養，漂亮。“action“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.動作，活動；行為，行動。 ★ act 指一次所作的行為；action 雖與 act 同義，但多半指某一期間內出現數次的行動；累積而成的 action 叫做 conduct. 2.舉動，態度，姿勢。 3.主動力，作用，機能。 4.(機械裝置中)有動作的部分；機械裝置[作用]。 5.措施，手段。 6.(演員的)表演；(小說等中的)情節。 7.【法律】訴訟。 8.【軍事】戰斗，戰事。 9.某一地區[場合]內最熱鬧盛行的活動。 10.〔美口〕刺激性的活動；賭博。 a chemical action 化學作用[反應]。 Take (prompt) action 采取(快速)措施。 Accept action 應戰。 An encounter action 遭遇戰。 A defensive [an offensive] action 防御[攻擊]戰。 A-! 【電影】開演! A- stations!【軍事】各就各位! Action of the bowels 【醫學】通便(作用)。 Action of the first impression 【法律】新訴〔無以前判例可循的訴訟〕。 Be in action 行動中。 Be put out of action 失掉戰斗力；(機械等)出毛病，不靈。 Break off an action 停戰。 Bring [take] an action against 對…提起訴訟，控告。 Bring [come] into action 使…參加戰斗，參戰，使開始戰斗，開戰。 By [under] the action of 在…作用下。 Clear (a ship, or the decks) for action (軍艦)準備戰斗。 Go into action 開始行動；投入戰斗。 Line of action 【物理學】作用線；〔比喻〕活動的形式[方針]。 Man of action 活動家，實行家。 Out of action 損壞；有故障。 Put into [in] action 實行，實施；開動。 See action 加入戰斗。 Suit the action to the word 見 suit 條。 Take action (in) 1. 著手，動手，開始。 2. 提起訴訟 (against)。 vt. 古語〕對…提起訴訟。 -er n. (電影的)動作片，打斗片。 “action on“ 中文翻譯：   作用“by the action of“ 中文翻譯：   在...的作用下“in action“ 中文翻譯：   在活動, 在運轉; 在活動，在運轉，在戰斗; 在起作用；在積極活動中; 在戰斗中“on action“ 中文翻譯：   開動“the action“ 中文翻譯：   演出“class code or transition class“ 中文翻譯：   分類符號或轉折組

Further more , this paper expatiates a series of aspects of measures theoretically and empirically , aiming to bring forth a positive and effective preventive mechanism , in order to control manipulation at its initial stages . besides , the system of the chinese market manipulation ' s civil liabilities is far from enough to protect the investors “ interests . therefore , this paper discusses constructive conditions and the methods for improving civil liabilities and class action procedure of manipulation 并且，筆者結合理論和實證兩個層面論證了隨著證券市場的變化，需要從信息披露、大宗交易、持股預警披露、基金行為規范以及中介機構和上市公司的操守責任幾個方面著手，構建積極有效的證券預防機制，將市場操縱行為遏制在初期階段，將其可能造成的損害降到最低限度；同時，構建完善的民事賠償責任制度，亦是懲戒市場操縱行為人、保護投資者合法權益、維護證券市場有序運轉的必由之路。

Class action , orgnization action , relator action and mass action are concrete patterns of public interest action . public interest action ' s effective motion depends on some factors , such as the ideological trend of wellfare county , lawey ' s pleading for public interest , the private ' s active participation and relevant system “ s coordination 集團訴訟、團體訴訟、民眾訴訟、檢舉人訴訟等都是公益訴訟的具體形態。公益訴訟的良好運行需要有福利國家的社會思想基礎、律師的公益辯護、私人的積極參與和相關制度的配臺等多種因素的共同作用。

Thanks to such filmmakers as choreo - graphers tang chia and yuan cheung - yan brother of matrix master yuen woo - ping , this battle between scropion , snake , and centipede sects to create the “ five poison web “ makes for a first class action film 五毒天羅是武林至毒之物，失蹤多年重現武林。武當派飛英雄和飛英杰兄弟下山查究，英雄途中遇洪教主之女素素，二人惺惺相惜，素素入天羅之墓誤傷英杰，令他終身殘廢。

Further more , this paper expatiates a series of aspects of measures theoretically and empirically , aiming to bring forth a positive and effective preventive mechanism , in order to control manipulation at its initial stages . besides , the system of the chinese market manipulation ' s civil liabilities is far from enough to protect the investors “ interests . therefore , this paper discusses constructive conditions and the methods for improving civil liabilities and class action procedure of manipulation 并且，筆者結合理論和實證兩個層面論證了隨著證券市場的變化，需要從信息披露、大宗交易、持股預警披露、基金行為規范以及中介機構和上市公司的操守責任幾個方面著手，構建積極有效的證券預防機制，將市場操縱行為遏制在初期階段，將其可能造成的損害降到最低限度；同時，構建完善的民事賠償責任制度，亦是懲戒市場操縱行為人、保護投資者合法權益、維護證券市場有序運轉的必由之路。

Class action , orgnization action , relator action and mass action are concrete patterns of public interest action . public interest action ' s effective motion depends on some factors , such as the ideological trend of wellfare county , lawey ' s pleading for public interest , the private ' s active participation and relevant system “ s coordination 集團訴訟、團體訴訟、民眾訴訟、檢舉人訴訟等都是公益訴訟的具體形態。公益訴訟的良好運行需要有福利國家的社會思想基礎、律師的公益辯護、私人的積極參與和相關制度的配臺等多種因素的共同作用。

Thanks to such filmmakers as choreo - graphers tang chia and yuan cheung - yan brother of matrix master yuen woo - ping , this battle between scropion , snake , and centipede sects to create the “ five poison web “ makes for a first class action film 五毒天羅是武林至毒之物，失蹤多年重現武林。武當派飛英雄和飛英杰兄弟下山查究，英雄途中遇洪教主之女素素，二人惺惺相惜，素素入天羅之墓誤傷英杰，令他終身殘廢。

class baby

In practice , fund managers often act in violation of their fiduciary duties with prejudice to the interests of the investors whereas the investors are in a disadvantageous position . therefore , the author analyses the civil liabilities of the fund manager in such aspects as basis of claim , strictness of the liability and scope of the liability . then , the author introduces the class action system in the united states and suggests that this powerful litigation proceeding be adopted in our country in order to enhance the protection of the investors 實務中基金管理人行為偏離投資人利益的情況時有發生，而投資人人數眾多，且多為處于弱勢的中小投資者，因此筆者著重從請求權基礎、歸責原則、責任范圍等方面論述了基金管理人應承擔的民事責任，并介紹了美國法上的集團訴訟制度，建議我國的民事訴訟機制能夠采納這種強有力的訴訟形式以加強對投資人的保護力度。

Further more , this paper expatiates a series of aspects of measures theoretically and empirically , aiming to bring forth a positive and effective preventive mechanism , in order to control manipulation at its initial stages . besides , the system of the chinese market manipulation ' s civil liabilities is far from enough to protect the investors “ interests . therefore , this paper discusses constructive conditions and the methods for improving civil liabilities and class action procedure of manipulation 并且，筆者結合理論和實證兩個層面論證了隨著證券市場的變化，需要從信息披露、大宗交易、持股預警披露、基金行為規范以及中介機構和上市公司的操守責任幾個方面著手，構建積極有效的證券預防機制，將市場操縱行為遏制在初期階段，將其可能造成的損害降到最低限度；同時，構建完善的民事賠償責任制度，亦是懲戒市場操縱行為人、保護投資者合法權益、維護證券市場有序運轉的必由之路。

Class action , orgnization action , relator action and mass action are concrete patterns of public interest action . public interest action ' s effective motion depends on some factors , such as the ideological trend of wellfare county , lawey ' s pleading for public interest , the private ' s active participation and relevant system “ s coordination 集團訴訟、團體訴訟、民眾訴訟、檢舉人訴訟等都是公益訴訟的具體形態。公益訴訟的良好運行需要有福利國家的社會思想基礎、律師的公益辯護、私人的積極參與和相關制度的配臺等多種因素的共同作用。

From the view of material law , such topics are carefully studied as the nature of the civil liabilities , the important constructive conditions and the methods fulfilling the civil liabilities . when procedural law is referred , the most important issues are how to develop the chinese class action procedure and to rebuild the system of the chinese securities arbitration . six parts are contained in this paper as following : chapter , introduces the value of this paper and the researching way 本文在結構上分為六章：第一章說明了論文的選題背景、意義和研究方向；第二章從經濟學和法學兩個方面介紹了市場操縱的基礎理論；第三章介紹了市場操縱的界定并做出類型劃分；第四章從實體法角度分析了市場操縱的民事責任；第五章提出以群體訴訟和證券仲裁兩種方案作為解決市場操縱民事責任的程序規則；第六章對本文內容進行了總結。

Second , it analyses the disadvantages of the traditional mode of individual action in solving the securities civil disputes and points out that each country should adopt the mode of class action to solve the securities civil disputes in view of the superiority of the class action system to the mode of individual action in terms of the litigation economy and the justice of sentence 本文從分析證券侵權行為的特點入手,提出了證券民事訴訟面臨的問題,比較了中美兩國不同的證券民事訴訟方式,包括:政策目標的設定、提起和審查適用程序、正當程序的保護和訴訟經濟的實現。指出了美國證券民事訴訟方式較我國證券民事訴訟方式所具有的優勢。

Do class actions , convert quote duty , set up discovery and separate conciliation from trial , etc . i would like to take this occasion to extend my sincere and genuine to mr . zuo weimin whose support is indispensable for the writing of this article . meanwhile i should also thank all the teachers of shi chuan university law institute because their edifies and helps 在具體制度上，本文詳細探討了鼓勵私人提起訴訟和檢察官作為公益代表人提起訴訟的范圍、訴訟權利及限制，探討了在訴訟程序方面應做的相應改革，如集團訴訟的可操作性，舉證責任的倒置，證據開示制度的建立以及調審分離、多調少審等。

In chapter three , i introduce contract for securities investment consultancy , securities brokerage contract and securities sale contract , and make preliminary investigations on doctrine of liability fixation and important constructive conditions etc . in chapter four , i make a research on the fulfillment system of civil liability of security through civil litigation , and make a suggestion that china should introduce class action system from usa 對各種具體的證券侵權行為從行為的特征、責任主體、請求權人、責任的構成等方面進行分析研究，以使對問題的探討具有一定的深度、可操作性。對于證券違約責任，簡要介紹了幾種典型的證券合同，如證券投資咨詢合同、證券經紀合同、證券買賣合同，對證券違約責任的歸責原則、構成要件等進行了嘗試性的探討。

Dozens of class action lawsuits have been filed across the country , not only arguing sympathy for the untold trauma of a beloved pet ' s death but also demanding compensation for veterinary bills and burial costs , medical monitoring of the pet ' s condition , cat kidney transplants and canine replacements 在美國各地已提起了數十宗集體訴訟案，不僅要為心愛寵物死亡造成的難以言喻的傷痛博取同情，同時也要索取賠償，以彌補獸醫診療賬單和埋葬費用、寵物健康醫療監測費、貓腎移植和寵物更換費。

Xiamen ' s huli district people ' s court has confirmed by notice of court session that the class action by 19 chinese consumers against dell ( china ) co . , ltd . will be transfer from a summary procedure to an ordinary procedure , and the first court session will be held on 25th september 2006 廈門市湖里區人民法院已經發出開庭通知書，確認19名中國用戶集體起訴戴爾（中國）有限公司的案件將由適用簡易程序轉為普通程序審理，第一次開庭時間為2006年9月25日。

Compared with class action in u . s . , representative action in china has some defects such as high transaction cost , which include contract cost , control cost and information cost . moreover , the representative action ca n ' t function well due to lack of a system of interest stimulation 與美國集團訴訟相比，我國代表人訴訟在制度設計上存在著契約成本、控制成本、信息成本等交易成本過高的諸多不合理之處，并且在制度運行上缺乏利益激勵機制。

A court in california has ruled that lawsuits alleging the company paid female staff less than men and denied their promotion should be treated as a class action , meaning that women who ' ve worked for wal - mart since 1998 may collectively pursue compensation claims 女性員工在沃爾瑪拿到的薪水比男性員工要低，并且得不到提升，加州一所法院將此裁定為集體訴訟，這意味著那些自從1998年就在為沃爾瑪公司工作的女性員工將集體向公司索要相應的賠償。

Thanks to such filmmakers as choreo - graphers tang chia and yuan cheung - yan brother of matrix master yuen woo - ping , this battle between scropion , snake , and centipede sects to create the “ five poison web “ makes for a first class action film 五毒天羅是武林至毒之物，失蹤多年重現武林。武當派飛英雄和飛英杰兄弟下山查究，英雄途中遇洪教主之女素素，二人惺惺相惜，素素入天羅之墓誤傷英杰，令他終身殘廢。

The second part mainly talks about the character and conditions of america ' s class action and analyzes the conflict and equity of traditional theory . the third and fourth part talks about the group action systems of japan and germany and compares them respectively 第三、第四部分分別對日本的選定代表人制度和德國的團體訴訟制度存在的理論基礎做了闡明，并分別與集團訴訟制度進行了比較分析。